Threats To Ict System And Organisations Information Technology Essay

Threats To Ict System And Organisations Information Technology Essay Scanners Various methods are used by people to attack systems using scanners. People are able to download scanners from the internet in order to scan addresses and obtain information about TCP ports. People can discover IP addresses by mapping using DNS. Hackers use this potential tactic assuring what systems are active and available to hack. Range of addresses This is a scanner which is very simple, visual and fast at scanning as it searches for a range of addresses. Deep probe in order to reveal essential information of a device then completing a deep probe is the useful way moreover, it can also be used when there is a remote fault. Scanning a wireless system If there is no encryption can result wireless systems to be very vulnerable. When looking at mobile networking, wireless access points need to be established as they can be accessed when connected to the laptop, PDA, or mobile. Windows has a feature that contains a tool that can allow you to click on a network icon for your wireless network connection. ARP poisoning Within the system these are known as switch based networks that are very secure as they create micro-segments. However, there is still an issues of attack in many networks. In order to tackle this problem, the memory must be monitored of many network by checking MAC address as they appear in locations more than once: here is a diagram to help your understating Default Gateway Victim Victim Default Gateway Man in the middle Magic disk are known to be boot disks that can be downloaded on the internet for the purpose of restarting the computer and subvert the operating system. There are some very good magic disks for instance the ultimate boot CD that can resolve issues of viruses and Trojans moreover, drive, hardware and operating system failures. In order to avoid anyone using a magic disk it is vital is password lock the BIOS and also USB sticks, floppy disks and CD/DVDs should not be used as boot devices. Key loggers Key loggers are applications that are used to record key stroke also can be used for mouse activities then interestingly sends the information to a file or in some case that are often used remote network location. There are very difficult to track as they are hidden but can be found using anti-virus software application. If suspecting there is a threat, run a protocol scanner, which works by looking at contents of every data packet. Access causing damage to data or jamming resources Unauthorised access to software can result to damaged data or restricting resources. There are attacks that can access systems without the need of damaging however, an intrusion can always have an effect on the system. Virus Attacks in all computer systems, virus attacks can occur when rogue code has entered in to the system. Viruses work by hiding themselves in ordinary executable code. They can damage the system by opening and closing the CD/DVD door, swapping key responses or can spread themselves by self reproducing and can serious damage the hard drive. There are virus scanners which will detect a virus by opening the file and scanning the code. Trojans Trojans are programs with a hidden identity and seem to look as a program or a file in which it can be normal or harmless to your PC. Worms Worms have a process of forwarding through the use of emails from the data of your contact list. Piggybacking, Tunnels and probes Knowledge is required for data for when forging data or spoofing and that knowledge network programming languages ranging from; Java, C++ or VB.NET. Hackers have the ability to hand craft a data packet in order for an application to be forced or information given away by server, lead to a service attack or piggyback/tunnel in which that happens into a system via an acceptable protocol. Phishing and Identity theft This is a recent developed method that allows unauthorised to systems. Phising works by luring people into showing their personal information in which this is done through social engineering for instance; when you receive emails supposedly to be from banks saying ISP etc. asking you to follow this link to lead you to their site in order for you to change your details in which that can be a HTTPS which that can be in operational. Natural Disasters Natural disasters can occur to many systems ranging from power outage, flood or fire leading to serious major damage. Organisations have computer systems that are specifically built to cope with these series of issues. The disaster policy have several ways to implement the following: Remote storage of all data to be done in daily back up Duplication of critical servers Malicious damage constantly there are malicious damages occurring internal and external to systems. Malicious damage can be caused by external hackers. The hackers then attack the systems. There are many security ways of preventing this however, hackers always find a way to do what they do best. Technical Failure There is always technical failure that occurs a lot now at days for instance when sever storages are lost, or bad internet connection that can cause disruption to the whole organisation. The large use of network technology for instance voice, video and CCTV can lead to a commercial damage and disrupt the security of the system. Human Errors Human errors occur unpredictably however, it does happen very frequently due many things for instance being forgetful, ignorant, or having lack of knowledge. This then results to system failure. Users can forget to back up data which then leads to loss of data is something happens to the system etc. Theft An Organisation or individuals can be damaged heavily in which that can be long lasting impact due to theft of data. Theft occurs in the cyber sense in which that is known as to be hacking, or physically removing data by CD/DVDs, memory sticks etc. Integrity and completeness of data This is a critical matter integrity and completeness of data as damaged can be caused if there is incorrect data. Incorrect data can result to distress and legal action especially the data in medical records, police systems as well as credit reports. You need to have appropriate people to check the data correctly maybe of customers or personal details by asking a colleague or customer to check if correct. Physical Security Systems can be safe with the latest the latest anti virus and firewall however, that is all useless if anyone can have access to the sever room and manages to get critical data on to a USB memory stick by copying the data. In organisations there should be security features that need to be present; lock and key security, equipment identificatyion, CCTV, Detection of intrusion etc. Lock and Key Security There is a need to secure devices such as laptops by inserting a padlock chain. In buildings there are many locks and key systems that operates a system that is master/submaster system. Equipment Identification this involves stolen properties identified for instance if a computer from school/college is stolen, it can be identified from the marking clearly showing ownership and origin which can lead to prosecution. Equipment can be identified through the use of indelible ink which labels the property of the owner in which it is invisible and ultra-violet sensitive ink. CCTV (Closed circuit television) This involves cameras used 24/7 in monitoring people or events. There are several advantages to its use for instance, central centres that are centralised can be monitored, a record of 24/7 events are maintained, and lastly mentioning that CCTV is at present to prevent bad behaviour to occur. Intrusion detection systems intrusion detections are used by many organisations which can detect human presence in many ways. The operate through various ways for instance, body heat is sensed by passive infrared, detect many movements through the use of microphones, doors and windows have circuit breakers for access etc. Staff visitor identification systems many from small to large organisations have systems that can identify staff or visitors in order to prevent unknown people to access. People can be identified through the use of identity cards in which it is a must for everyone in the premises to wear them. Biometrics Biometrics involves the use of finger printing to recognise, retinal scans and voice recognition. Fingerprint recognition this biometric form is commonly used in detecting in crime scenes. Our fingers contain a water solution which enables the detection on finger printing to work. There are several scanners that finger prints by detecting ridges in our fingers. Finger printing can also work in identification for passports and visa. Retinal Scans The retina is located at the rear of the eye and it is very similar to a finger print as it contains unique configuration. However, there is a difference between them as a finger print can be changed when the skin is removed through cuts or burns whereas it is impossible for the retina to be changed unless someone attempts to tamper with the eye bow which is highly unlikely. Iris scanning This is another unique identification eye method which is the iris. The difference between the retina is that the iris can be scanned when the recipient is wearing glasses or contact lenses. Voice Recognition This form of biometric is not being commonly used as voice can change due to various reasons for instance if someone is ill, stressed or has a throat infection that can affect someones voice. Software and network security Organisations all need to have security, techniques to manage data and technologies in order to combat intrusion and superverion of computers that are networking to prevent data being damaged or resources being affected. Encryption Encryption involves the conversion text, images and media information in to a format. RSA encryption is a Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman in they are mathematicians who enforced the public/private key encryption through the use of prime numbers. In encryption there are many ciphers that exist for instance Caesar cipher, in which relies on simple key of changing one letter with the letter a fixed number of places down the alphabet. The operation of this works by using shift of four places meaning A becomes E and B becomes F etc. DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a cipher uses key 56 bits in length in which this can be mathematically explained. A public/private key can be used by RSA encryption; with an example of how the security certificate is issued by a website. As the creation of a key is done the certificate is a public key part of the exchange. Call back Dial up systems use call back where remote workers or network administrators are able to dial into a network or devices that have network and it will then call them back. In order to call back the number is pre-configuared. Users are unable to connect from any location but only the ones which are trusted and registered lines. Handshaking When data is being sent through a medium in WAN systems it in which it is not trusted, in order to obtain the trust the devices are each tested in a challenge as it carriers username and password in order to indentify the device. Diskless networks There are common ways data is stolen for instance when data is transferred from a computer to a mobile device storage. Backups Backing up data is important in order to restore critical data to assure that it is safe and secure, if data is not backed up very frequently will result the organisation loosing data in which that can be costly. Audit logs Audit logs are used for the purpose to keep records of network and database activity to also have a record of who has done what, when they did it and where. There are various purposes for instance, to maintain records that are detailed on how many systems are being used. Syslog is a commonly used system that is able to store simple, auditable records system activities. Firewall Configuration This enables users to be able to remove filters depending on various conditions: IP Addresses: Every machinery running of the internet each has an assigned address called the IP address. The IP addresses consist of 32 bit number and can be understood as octets in number which is decimal dotted. Domain Names: The sequence of numbers that produces the IP addresses can be hard to be remembered since a change of IP addresses tends to occur. Norton Security has a firewall as well as the Norton 360. How to check your FIREWALL settings Windows has a firewall that can be configured through control panel by opening it. The exceptions tab need to be selected and you will view a list of automatically configured expectations. You then select the add pot option. Virus Protection software Firstly, computers can be a victim of virus, worms and Trojan attack from the internet access as well as emails. There are various ways of protecting the computer from such things which are sadly created by virus writers A virus scanner can only be used when the user initiates it. There is a virus start up scanner that begins to run as soon as the booting process begins by checking for sector viruses. A memory resident scanner software checks for incoming emails as well as browser document by doing an automatic check on the environment of the computer. There are various types anti viruses all ranging with different abilities and some are much more secure than others and can be downloaded on the internet. These anti viruses can work through doing file emulation, file analysis, Heuristic-based detection, Malicious activity detection and Signature based detection. An anti virus basically examines the files for known recognisable viruses through the virus dictionary as well as to identify unrecognisable activities of behaviour in the computer to see if an infection may be occurring. A virus dictionary consist of list of viruses known and to be put by the producer of the software and so when an anti virus detects a virus it then refers to the dictionary to confirm, then initiates the deletion of the infection or it can quarantine the virus in order for it not to be accessible to other programs as well as stopping it from spreading or the attempt re-creating its self. Anti viruses also consist of suspicious alert in which it immediately alerts the user if it is suspecting or has suspected of a threat occurring then it ask the user if they want to proceed or what to do. The most destructive and spreads widely is argued to be the macro viruses, and mostly affects Microsoft as they need to overcome their security flaws in the out look in order to pr event this destruction occurring to the documents. A common way how viruses normally access the computers is through networking of local networks even through the internet by going through unprotected security patches which can be holes in the software or having an infected sent thought the use of email, downloads or disk sharing. Some of the viruses may set in to Excel or word file or has been created to initiate through email, and as soon as the computer it is infected it can carry on its destruction to other computers without the awareness from the user. Anti virus software updates are highly vital as new viruses can be created and the older softwares may not be able to protect you from it. VIRUS It is called a virus because it spreads everywhere and enables data to be deleted as well as corrupt files. WORM Worms have a process of forwarding through the use of emails from the data of your contact list. TROJANS Trojans are programs with a hidden identity and seem to look as a program or a file in which it can be normal or harmless to your PC. POLYMORPHING This is a clever ability a virus has for when changing its appearance, size, signature for every turn it attacks the computer because it makes it difficult for a virus software to recognise it. Software Utility Purpose Screenshot VIRUS PROTECTION Anti-Virus Protection Anti-Spyware E-mail Scanner ID Protection Link Scanner Resident Shield VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS (VPNs) Organisations are able to communicate from site to site in a public system through the use of VPN for instance the internet, via tunnel in which that is the route for all encrypted traffic. VPNs have a trusted connection on a system that has not been trusted. Passwords Managing passwords is very essential, organisations must ensure that the protection of the password is very safe to prevent troublesome. If the password is forgotten will lead to many problems. The password must not be written down Change the password for at least every 3 months Put a very strong password Software Update Software update is very important as it ensures that the system is safe from possible faults and vulnerabilities from various application. When the software updates it is an automatic update in order to remove the need of worrying on the update of the system. REFERENCES USED BTEC National Information Technology Practitioners Book 1 by Jenny Lawson

History of Fashion Trends Essay -- Clothing Clothes

Malcolm Barnard says in his book Fashion as Communication, "Fashion and clothing have always been explained as forms of communication" (39). American teenagers use fashion to communicate their feelings and beliefs. Throughout most decades teen fashion has proven to be a way of rebelling out how they feel and think about certain situations. They used fashion as a way of social contact with reference to scrutiny for all sorts of people. Fashion is a communication to use to convey with the world what their personality really says. Fashion and history go hand in hand, believe it or not. Historical events in a time period reflects the way people living in the time dress, especially with teenagers, but it would not have started with out the Woman's Rights Movement. If it were not for the movements, would it still be a male-dominated society? It is scary to think about, what might not have happened if it were not for those who fought for privileges? In the first part of the twentieth century, fashion was beginning to make a radical change. Because of the first wave of working women making their way into American society, Victorian styles were suddenly unfashionable and the skirt and blouse combination became more accepted. The advancing feminine cause influenced many trends. Women, and their desire to conform with and show that they could do the same job as men, brought about such as the Gibson Girl, with her hourglass figure, her expertly upswept hair, and her unquestionable upper-class air, was everything Ameri can women in 1900 wanted to be. Although women fought for the rights, in the 1950s teenagers started to take advantage of the fact they could express their feelings. Rock N Roll music made teenagers come out with their own ... ...verbal anymore. Teenagers from different decades used clothing as away to show their freedom and to communicate their thoughts and ideas. Whether it be with the "swinging sixties" or our generation now, teenagers were always had some kind of issue to convey with their clothing. A protest or even just a trend, fashion is here as a way of communication for everyone. Works Cited Barnard, Malcolm. Fashion as Communication. New York: Routledge, 1996. Laver, James. Costume and Fashion a Concise History. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2002. Rubinstein, Ruth P. Dress Codes, Meanings and Messages in American Culture. Colorado: Westview Press, 1995. Rubinstein, Ruth P. Dress Codes, Meanings and Messages in American Culture, Second Edition. Colorado: Westview Press, 2001. Taylor, Lou. Establishing Dress History. Manchester: Manchester University Press: 2004.

The Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay -- essays research papers

The Life and Works of Langston Hughes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" In a deep song voice with a melancholy tone, I heard that Negro sing, that old piano moan – Ain’t got nobody all in this world, Ain’t got nobody but ma self. I’s gwine to quit ma frownin’ and put ma troubles on the shelf.† The above excerpt is from Langston Hughes prize winning poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues.† Hughes, considered to be one of the world’s outstanding authors of the twentieth century (Ruley 148), is a prolific poet, novelist, essayist, playwright, autobiographer, and a writer a of children’s books (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). David Nicholson says of Hughes, â€Å"He strove to reflect an American reality ignored or distorted by other American writers (504).† The magnificent poet dealt with many struggles in his life and was criticized by many critics for the poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues†, as well as his other works. The lyricist overcame this scrutiny and his struggles, to become a successful, talented writer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Langston Hughes, of French, Indian, and African decent, was born in Joplin, Missouri, on February 1, 1902 (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). His parents, Carrie and James Langston, were not apart of Hughes’ childhood. Carrie Langston was a small town debutante; she left her son with his grandmother to go live in Kansas City to pursue an acting career (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). As for his father, James Langston, a mixed, cold, man who detested blacks, ran off to Mexico (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Hughes loved his mother hopelessly and yearned to be with her (Rampersad 4) but his mother showed no interest to be with her son (Bloom, Bloom’s 12). On the contrary, he vigorously loathed his â€Å"runaway† father (Rampersad 4). Without parents, his maternal grandmother, Mary Langston, in Lawrence Kansas raised the writer of verse (Andrews, Foster, Harris 369). Mary’s first husband rode with John Brown on the attack of Harper’s Ferry in 185 9 (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Her second husband recruited soldiers for the fifty-fourth and fifty-fifth Massachusetts regiment (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Being married to two men who aided in ending slavery, Mary raised young Hughes on the stories of her family’s ancestors who fought to end slavery (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). From his grandmother he learned the need to struggle on behalf of the ideals of social justice and African American progress (Smith 367). The ab... ... evident. The lasting impact Langston Hughes had on society through the twenties to the sixties is still apparent today. Works Citied Page Andrews, Williams L. Ed.; Foster, Frances S. Ed.; Harris, Tardien. Ed. The Oxford Companion to African American Literature: New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Ed. Bloom’s Major Poets Langston Hughes. PA, Broomall: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Ed. Twentieth Century American Literature. Vloume 4. New York, New Haven, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Hall, Sharon K. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism Yearbook 1986. Volume 44. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1987. Marowski, Daniel G. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume 35. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1985. Rampersad, Arnold. Ed. The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume 1: 1902-1941 I Too, Sing America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1986. Ruley, Carolyn. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume1. Detroit, Michigan: Gale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research Company, 1973. Smith, Valerie. Ed. African American Writers. Volume 1. New, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2001. The Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay -- essays research papers The Life and Works of Langston Hughes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" In a deep song voice with a melancholy tone, I heard that Negro sing, that old piano moan – Ain’t got nobody all in this world, Ain’t got nobody but ma self. I’s gwine to quit ma frownin’ and put ma troubles on the shelf.† The above excerpt is from Langston Hughes prize winning poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues.† Hughes, considered to be one of the world’s outstanding authors of the twentieth century (Ruley 148), is a prolific poet, novelist, essayist, playwright, autobiographer, and a writer a of children’s books (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). David Nicholson says of Hughes, â€Å"He strove to reflect an American reality ignored or distorted by other American writers (504).† The magnificent poet dealt with many struggles in his life and was criticized by many critics for the poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues†, as well as his other works. The lyricist overcame this scrutiny and his struggles, to become a successful, talented writer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Langston Hughes, of French, Indian, and African decent, was born in Joplin, Missouri, on February 1, 1902 (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). His parents, Carrie and James Langston, were not apart of Hughes’ childhood. Carrie Langston was a small town debutante; she left her son with his grandmother to go live in Kansas City to pursue an acting career (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). As for his father, James Langston, a mixed, cold, man who detested blacks, ran off to Mexico (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Hughes loved his mother hopelessly and yearned to be with her (Rampersad 4) but his mother showed no interest to be with her son (Bloom, Bloom’s 12). On the contrary, he vigorously loathed his â€Å"runaway† father (Rampersad 4). Without parents, his maternal grandmother, Mary Langston, in Lawrence Kansas raised the writer of verse (Andrews, Foster, Harris 369). Mary’s first husband rode with John Brown on the attack of Harper’s Ferry in 185 9 (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Her second husband recruited soldiers for the fifty-fourth and fifty-fifth Massachusetts regiment (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Being married to two men who aided in ending slavery, Mary raised young Hughes on the stories of her family’s ancestors who fought to end slavery (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). From his grandmother he learned the need to struggle on behalf of the ideals of social justice and African American progress (Smith 367). The ab... ... evident. The lasting impact Langston Hughes had on society through the twenties to the sixties is still apparent today. Works Citied Page Andrews, Williams L. Ed.; Foster, Frances S. Ed.; Harris, Tardien. Ed. The Oxford Companion to African American Literature: New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Ed. Bloom’s Major Poets Langston Hughes. PA, Broomall: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Ed. Twentieth Century American Literature. Vloume 4. New York, New Haven, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Hall, Sharon K. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism Yearbook 1986. Volume 44. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1987. Marowski, Daniel G. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume 35. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1985. Rampersad, Arnold. Ed. The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume 1: 1902-1941 I Too, Sing America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1986. Ruley, Carolyn. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume1. Detroit, Michigan: Gale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research Company, 1973. Smith, Valerie. Ed. African American Writers. Volume 1. New, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2001.

The Benefits of Stem Cell Research Essay example -- Papers Science Bio

The Benefits of Stem Cell Research Stem cells are considered â€Å"master cells† with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in cultures and can be manipulated and transformed into any type of cell in the body. The most common use would be the generation of cells and tissues that could be used to either create organs or tissues to be used in transplantation and to treat many diseases and disabilities. There is a great difference of opinion surrounding stem cell research; conservatives and pro-choice activists are highly against further research, but the tremendous advances in health care and President Bush’s recent decision to fund more research, have made the future of stem cells seem much more promising. In every ground breaking scientific topic there seems to be controversy, and stem cells are no exception. Stem cell research is so controversial because the best source of stem cells are derived from human fetal tissue. Removing the stem cells destroys the embryo, which leads many people to believe this process to be immoral. One advantage of using stem cells found in embryos is their ability to transform themselves into almost every type of cell in the body. There are also not enough adult stem cells to allow for therapeutic applications, like transplants to regenerate tissues or organs that were damaged by disease. Adult stem cells are rare and are many times hard to identify, isolate, and purify. However, stem cells found in the embryo can be generated in large quantities in the laboratory. Many people argue that human embryos should not be the subjects of stem cell research that would benefit anyone other than the embryos themselves. Embryos are still human beings and just because they are immature hu... ...purpose of stem cell research. Generous funding on ethical issues was spent on current and future research, along with generous funding for research relevant to fetal, embryonic, and adult stem cells. With the enormous potential of stem cells developing new treatments for some of the most devastating diseases, it is crucial to search for the best sources of stem cells, regardless of where they come from. There are many pros and cons encompassing this issue with the pro-choice activists and conservatives being so avidly against it, with the remarkable advances in health care the research brings, and with President Bush’s decision to go ahead with further research. Even though there is still a great deal of controversy surrounding the issue of stem cell research, I think all people can agree that whoever saves one life is as if he saved an entire world.

Caged Birds Without a Song

Written within the nineteenth century, both Susan Glaspell’s Trifles and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, use symbolism within the play to illustrate how different the roles were between men and women during this time. Reputation and public appearance were viewed as intrinsic forms of value within nineteenth century marriages, as though they were solely the backbone of the marriage’s success. Women were viewed as subordinates, mere extensions of their husbands, creating a strong theme of male dominance that echoes equally throughout both plays. Incidentally, in direct correlation to their false presumptions and patronizing mannerisms toward women, in the end, the men are ultimately responsible for their own fall. In Trifles, the concerns of women are considered to be mere trifles, unimportant or of any value to society, which men are ultimately controlling. The play opens at the Wrights’ home a day after Minnie Wright either did or did not killed her husband. The sheriff, Mr. Peters and his wife, the county attorney, and Mr. Hale with his wife have arrived at Wrights’ the home to find evidence proving Minnie’s guilt or innocence, while she’s being held in prison for the murder. Then men repeatedly comment on the unkempt conditions of the Wrights’ home, particularly the kitchen, implying Mrs. Wright must have been unstable because a home is such disarray is outside their perception what a women’s role entails. It’s during this scene Mrs. Peters calls attention to the exploded jars of fruit preserves, understanding the hard work involved in canning preserves, and Mrs. Wright’s concern that the cold weather would cause her jars of fruit to freeze and burst. â€Å"She worried about that when it turned so cold. She said the fire’d go out and her jars would break† (Glaspell 322). The Sheriff’s response is, â€Å"Well can you beat the women! Held for murder and worryin’ about her preserves† (Glaspell 322). The men view her concern as trivial and unimportant in comparison to the trouble Mrs. Wright is facing. In A Doll’s House, Nora, the protagonist, like other women during this time, was considered property of her husband, Torvald. Women were not allowed to own any type of property or borrow money without the co-signature of a man. Nora’s role as a woman was to take care of the children and make sure everything was perfect within the household. Torvald treats Nora like a small silly girl and believes his wife only focuses on trivial matters. He views her as his prize and at no point does he see her as an individual to be considered equal in their marriage. He continuously coddles her and implies she is a secondary element within their marriage. He calls her his â€Å"squirrel† and â€Å"little lark† in a seemingly affectionate manner, yet the implications of these pet names are somewhat derogatory and imply her abilities are simply to scamper about carefree. He lectures Nora on how to spend their money wisely because to him she does not possess an intricate understanding of business principles. In the weeks leading to Christmas, Nora spent her evenings alone working. Torvald assumes that his wife is using the time spent during these busy nights making trivial family Christmas ornaments and other holidays treats. In reality, Nora is working on side jobs she has acquired for money to repay a loan she illegally acquired during a time Torvald was critically ill. She spends eight years of his or her marriage together trying to keep this scandal secret and repay the loan entirely before anyone had the chance to find out. She knowingly plays into Torvald’s patronizing mannerisms because she knows that he is more concerned with how their marriage looks in public than actually understanding the implications of her actions. Viewing the women as extensions of themselves, in Trifles the men express no desire to see the world through Minnie Wright’s or the other two women’s’ point of view. At first, both Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale seemed apprehensive about Minnie’s guilt and which side of the law to be on. It is only after Mr. Hale’s comment, â€Å"Well, women are used to worrying over trifles†, that you feel the women start to draw together in unity. (Glaspell 322). His words imply that women are lacking the common sense and mental focus to pay attention to the important things at the same time suggesting that the men should expect such a character flaw as status quo because they are only women and therefore deal everyday in small, unimportant details. The men venture off in search of evidence proving the guilt of Minnie Wright while the two women are left alone in the kitchen to gather some of the personal items she has requested. As the two women engage in conversation, they begin to reminisce about the woman who they once referred to as â€Å"friend. † A short time into this task they discovering an empty, damaged birdcage. Unsure of the cage’s purpose the women begin hypothesizing why it would be in the Wrights’ home. During their discussion Mrs. Hale states, â€Å"She—come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself—real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and –fluttery. How—she—did—change† (Glaspell 328). Upon further investigation the women find the bird, a canary, wrapped in a piece of silk tucked away in Minnie’s sewing box; it was dead, someone had wrung its neck. Again thinking of Minnie, Mrs. Hale states, â€Å"No, Wright wouldn’t like the bird—a thing that sang. She used to sing. He killed that, too† (Glaspell 329). Of course, the canary is what ultimately proves Minnie Wright’s guilt, but because the women are able to acknowledge what makes this discovery so significant, they empathize with Minnie, and without ever voicing their decision to do so, they never tell the men. The concept that women are viewed as an extension of their husbands is also seen in A Doll’s House, when Torvald learns of Nora’s deception and illegal loan. He says to her, â€Å"Oh, what an awful awakening! In all these eight years—she who was my pride and joy—a hypocrite, a liar—worse, worse—a criminal! How infinitely disgusting it all is! The shame! I should have suspected something of the kind. I should have known†¦. all your father’s flimsy values have come out in you. No religion, no morals, no sense of duty—Oh, how I’m punished for letting him off! I did it for your sake, and you repay me like this† (Ibsen 245). Torvald continues this rant as he attempts to sort out what actions he should take next, â€Å"This thing has got to be hushed up at any cost. And as for you and me, it’s got to seem like everything between us is just as it was—to the outside world, that is. You’ll go right on living in this house, of course. But you can’t be allowed to bring up the children; I don’t dare trust you with them†¦ from now on happiness doesn’t matter; all that matters is saving the bits and pieces, the appearance† (Ibsen 246). He is so consumed with himself and how the implications of Nora’s actions affect him that he is completely blind to the fact she now understands how he truly views her, incapable. It is this defining moment in which Nora boldly states, â€Å"When your big fright was over—and it wasn’t from any threat against me, only for what might damage ou—when all the danger was past, for you it just as if nothing had happened. I was exactly the same, your little lark, your doll, that you’d have to handle with double care now that I’m turned out so brittle and frail. Torvald—in an instant it dawned on me that for eight years I’ve been living here with a s tranger, and that I’d even conceived three children—oh, I can’t stand the thought of it! I could tear myself to bits† (Ibsen 252). Nora then decides she will no longer carry on this martial masquerade and leaves Torvald for good. As stated above, in both Susan Glaspell’s Trifles and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, the men are ultimately responsible for their own fall in the end. The men maintain their view of women being subordinates and they are often dismissive regarding anything involving even the general realm of women. Each play uses symbolism within the context to illustrate just how different the roles of men and women were during this time and how reputation and public appearance were viewed as intrinsic forms of value within nineteenth century marriages.

American Federation of Teachers Essay

The continued drive to improve education and to support the legislation of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) policy of the government has pushed the district of Georgia to create an effective framework of assessing and testing students of their proficiency in the different realms of education. By doing such, the district not only complies with the legislation and policies but at the same time ensures that the continued need of students in the facilitation of education is attained. Seeing the three documents notions of similarity can be seen. Looking closely these similarities have well in fact have to do with the standards set by the district of Georgia with the regards to proficiency standards. Also, there is a similarity in the objective and rationale that an improvement of such standards is necessary to achieve the optimum educational needs of students in the classroom. Lastly, there seems to be emphasis and importance on creating appropriate methods within the classroom scenario. This means both teachers and students are expected something to contribute for the overall facilitation of classrooms. On the other hand, the two documents have their own differences. One important difference that can be seen in the article are their relative scopes One article focuses on the general framework and ideas in Georgia concerning the improvement of standards that will enhance student education. On the other hand, the other article showcases an analysis of deeper sets of standards. This means that each point and objective is elaborated more clearly and brought down to per level category. This categorization helps readers understand the complexity and depth of such initiative. With this understanding, proper critiquing and arguments can arise which later can contribute to a better development of initiatives that can foster and administer change for students and teachers within the classroom. Creating standards are an integral part in the overall facilitation of learning within the classroom setup. This is because it enhances the level of knowledge imparted to students and at the same time. â€Å"Introducing standards in the classroom will augment the learning experience by pointing students to available design and marketing tools, and best industry practices. † (Schultz, 2005) Furthermore, the creation of standards enforces the actualization and realization of information of students within the classrooms. â€Å"By establishing standards for teacher competence in student assessment, the associations subscribe to the view that student assessment is an essential part of teaching and that good teaching cannot exist without good student assessment. † (American Federation of Teachers, 1990) By integrating these standards, it can create an integral part in the overall process of learning and facilitation of education. Enhancing student learning requires a thorough understanding of issues revolving around a particular topic. By doing so, it gives the teachers the necessary information that they need to sustain and develop methods adequate for students needs. First these documents serve as (1) an added tool for application. Seeing the development of literature gives options for teachers to apply proper schemes in classrooms. Second, it sketches approaches in the field of educational development of students. â€Å"Students cannot achieve high levels of performance without access to skilled professional teachers, adequate classroom time, a rich array of learning materials, accommodating work spaces, and the resources of the communities surrounding their schools. † (NSES, p. 1) Lastly, these documents promote equality in the classrooms in terms of addressing the needs of each actor. By realizing the importance of student and teacher’s needs, objectives can be calibrated to better suit the classroom. In the end, literature has shown that by creating standards, issues in education and student needs can be addressed. Properly applying these standards within the classroom needs to be done in order for students to avail of the proper amount of education they need to sustain their holistic development and endeavors. References American Federation of Teachers. (1990) Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students. Retrieved April 24, 2008 from http://www. unl. edu/buros/bimm/html/article3. html National Science of Education Standards. National Science Education Standards: An Overview. Retrieved April 24, 2008 from http://www. nap. edu/readingroom/books/nses/overview. html Schultz, D. (2005) Standards in the Classroom in ASTM International. Retrieved April 24, 2008 from http://www. astm. org/SNEWS/JULY_2005/schultz_jul05. html

The Impact of Work-Based on our Identity

In all modern societies, work fills a basic and central role in human life. The centrality of work is demonstrated by the personal responsibility individuals assume for their work, the amount of time they devote to it, and the significance it has within the general context of their lives. Work has important social and economic implications as well, on both an organizational and general social level. Identities within society have been determined largely by the work that people do. It has a major part to play in shaping our sense of self and affects how we see ourselves and how others see us. It's formatted by large number of influencing factors, like which are interpellated and which we make a conscious decision to choose or exclude. We all know the first question asked in many situations of primary social encounter: ‘What do you do? ‘ by which we really mean ‘What is your job?. ‘ we do not answer with our hobby, or with our religious identity, but with all the certainty in the world with our occupation: ‘skilled worker for ‘. If we know our interlocutor's occupation then we think we know him or her. The occupation serves a mutual identification pattern, with the help of which we can assess personal needs and abilities as well as economic and social position. I will discus the story which written by john greaves, the coal miner and his identity's change during the time, after that I will discus the employers of developing industrial country and how they work now, then I will compare between this two employer, and I will explain how work influences and shape people identity . Firstly, the coal miner, who spend most of his life and time working more that twenty years in this field, he was working and get up early every day, actively, satisfied and without any fear. His identity was as a coal miner as an individual and also a member of a community with a shared collective identity. His village, Goldthorpe, in South Yorkshire, revolved both economically andsocially around the pits. He did not think that he will be unemployed on day and he will lose it. And now, after all this years and after closing the mine, he talk about his feeling of uncertainty or the future, and he feel sad about losing his job, identity and the symbol that relate to his job. He say that he lose his powerful identity, he mean â€Å"collective identity† which can be found among workers whose lives are closely bound up with their involved in coal mining. this changes in the economy lead to considerable anxiety among white working class men. In other hand, developing industrial country is a major reason for increasing levels and number of service and employers that is largely part-time , such as â€Å"call center† , Which connects large computer and telephones together. We can find more that hundred of employers work there with different job titles and careers , like direct seller, customer services, managers and others. It's described as white collar factories as the workload is constantly monitored and performance related pay is often used as an incentive. Now, if we compare between the coal miner that lost his work and his correlative identity and one of call center stuff, it would be clear to identify how work influences and shape our identity. There is little sense of community or collective identity. John Greaves was clearly interpellated into his role as a coal miner and his identity associate with his community, whereas call center staff work for instrumental purposes, define himself by what he purchase and his spending power. We are now more likely to identify ourselves through our income and spending power rather than job title. This is backed up through recently research that tell us we have leave our collective and occupational identities to more individual consumption based ones. Also our identities are shaped by our income. Income allows us to consume and depending on the amount of income we generate this results in what we consume and our ability to selectively purchase goods. Bourdieu (1977 pg 107/8) argued that people are able to express their identities through consumption and also that as taste differs between social class then consumption will also differ. People in different social classes are unlikely to have the same consumption patterns, which leads to a difference in the ability to portray identity. For example, the ability to purchase expensive ca and material goods such as cars from being in a well paid job will create an identity of a middle class citizen compared to coal miner wage on which limited items can be purchased. Consumption preferences and abilities are highly symbolic markers of status and dividers in social class. Some sociologists have argued that consumption has replaced class and that this now is the key factor in the structure of social division and identity. We can conclude that income, socialisation in the workplace, unemployment and social class. It is evident that work is a contributory factory in influencing and creating identities. Also identities which are created by work are not unfixed, it can change by economic changes. Change of work from collective community base to individual to and material one would be clear today . Like what â€Å"call centers† employers do, they don't identify with their work, they define themselves by what they are spending and what they have. There is also an evident link between income and person, people's behaviors in the way which identity is created.